Human Resource Management for Woolworths and Coles- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management for Woolworths and Coles. Answer: Introduction Human resource management is considered the key determinant of organization performance. Clear outlined human resource management structure normally reduces management challenges. The HR wage issue has become a problem in Australia though organizations are required to comply with HR policies that indicate the need for equal pay for employees. In studying human resource and important issues that affect the most organization in Australia and globally remains wage disparities. In identifying this challenge two organizations were studied and these are Woolworths and Coles. Employees tasked with trolley collection in these two organizations had poor payment issues leading to wage discriminations. Upon pressure from institutions such as Fair Work Ombudsman, Coles reviewed its wage policies while Woolworth maintained payment policies for trolley collectors. Woolworths being an employer of more than 200, 000 employees, has recently come into the spotlight for two human resource issues. These human resource issues are poor payment of trolley collectors and subsequently discrimination of these employees. The human resource remains one of the most important aspects of the organization and should be treated with the most care. Theories of human resource also indicate that HR is an important department of an organization. There are many theories and literature that have been advanced to give a deeper understanding of human resource especially solving certain human resource challenges. The following literature review explores various human resource theories that give a clear understanding of HR wage disparities issue. Theories and concepts of human resources According to the theory of Ability, Motivation Opportunity (AMO), for the organizations to solve problems of poor performance there is need to motivate employees. According to Brewster, Sparrow, and Harris (2005), one way to motivate employees is to remunerate them is according to their role or standard. Poor pay is an issue that requires high attention as it determines the performance of the employees. A similar theory of performance also indicates that a motivated employee will work better than a less motivated employee. Moreover, the organization policies, especially on compensation of employees, play a critical role in the motivation of employees. This implies that an organization that has low payment policies is most likely to face similar issues as Woolworths. In addition, setting organization policies that aim at the motivation of employees should comply with the set standards for such employees. According to Lowry (2006), ethics also play role in compensation of employees as ethical standard prevent any discrimination of employee in terms of wages. A case study conducted by Michelson and Kramar (2003), shows that a motivated employee normally feels encouraged and hence their performance increase. However, Bjorkman (2006) contradicts the theory of motivation indicating that employees will be motivated by pay for a short period of time and thereafter their performance either reduce or remain constant. Wall Parker (2001) summarise the theory of motivation indicating that even if the employee is shortly motivated, their performance cannot reduce to the same level as initial before motivation. HR operative model is another theory of human resource that explores the flexibility of the organization operates. According to Radhakrishna Satya (2015), a flexible operation allows adjustment when there are challenges affecting the human resource. It worth noting that one of the key challenges that Woolworth is facing is operation inflexibility as the organization is unable to review compensation policies for trolley collectors. Similarly, Kaufman (2008) also explains that a more flexible organization in terms of how it handles HR issues determines the organizations ability to solve problems of discrimination. Another theory, McShane and Travaglione (2007), explains that ethical standards require human resource department to review the compensation rates for wages of employees periodically to accommodate the financial or economic situation within the country. This lay foundation for the flexibility that is needed for organizations operation and management with capabilities to adju st payment periodically. According to the theory of contingency, the compensation of employees also rests on the organizational environment and circumstance. This theory, therefore, shows that at times the working environment within an organization dictates pay rise for employees. Furthermore, the larger the size should reflect on the pay of employee since large organization such as Woolworth attracts high customers. Therefore, at high customer number, there should be increase compensation to reflect on the magnitude of work. According to Patrickson Hartmann (2001), the working environment for employees needs to use in developing HRM policies and practice as this determines the wages. Moreover, collecting trolleys during high customer seasons becomes high demanding as compared to other times. These factors need to be considered in compensating employees to increase their performance. There are also pressures from various institutions that are the task to regulate the HR. The Institutional theory explains the relationship between the human resource and other organizations such as Fair Work Ombudsman. The Human Resource Director, Australia, is an example of institutions that normally pile pressure on organizations to tackle pay and discrimination issues. As explained by Bjorkman (2006), human resource management is an important issue that cannot be left to operate on its own without pressure from outside the organization. The Constitution, on the other hand, highlights the relationship between various external organizations that regulate the behaviour of the organization towards employees. This institution theory is also supported by Paauwe and Boselie (2003) when explaining the need for an organization to act according to standards required. In contrast, Osland, et al. (2007) explains that various institutions will always push for employee wage increment despite t heir performance in an organization. Nankervis, Chatterjee and Coffey (2007), on the other hand, shows that the legitimacy of institutions lay in their ability to protect the right of employees and therefore there is need to increase their pressure on the organization. The matching model of human resource management also takes the HR to another level where HR system needs to match organization structure. This means that the organizations strategy should assist in managing the employees since there is congruency between the two. According to Michelson and Kramar (2003), larger organizations such as Woolworth and Cole have a humanitarian strategy that aims at bettering the lives of people around it. This should also reflect on the management of employees and therefore limited discrimination. Similarly, Kochan (2004) advocate for implementation of strategies that are similar to human resource management. Streamlining human resource management according to the organizational strategy helps the organization to perform better. This according to McShane and Ravaglione (2007), indicates that performance of the organization solemnly rests on employees. Forborn Tichy and Devanna model of human resource management explain the interrelationship in HRM activities. According to Martin, Romero and Sanchez-Gardey (2005), HRM activities that form cycle include selection, development, appraisals and rewards. All these activities are linked to form the basis of performance. As explained by Kaufman (2008), appraisal and rewards being a vital aspect of HR plays an important role and should be continuously reviewed. The model is based on the role played by human resource management cycle through minimally considered determinant of performance of the organization. This does not contradict similar observation made by Johnason (2009) when commenting on the human resource management cycle. The Michigan model also explains the relationship between selection, development, reward and appraisal as the determinants of performance of an organization. According to this model, these aspects of human resource cycle should be clearly monitored to avoid issue s as witnessed in Woolworth Limited. Organizational behavior theories also explain the relationship between human resource management and organizational behavior. For instance, the organizational mechanism theory explains the interrelationship between various employees and the organizational culture or structure. As Heneman and Judge (2005), explains organizational culture, for instance, come into play with standards set by government regulating the body. This means that the strategy laid down by the organization in paying for employees should work in hand with government policy guiding human resource management. Similarly, Brewster, Sparrow and Harris, (2005), indicate that organization human resource structure outlined in organizational chart normally complies with government policy pertaining labor policies. In addition, as organization designs its human resource strategy government standards and organizational culture are interplay. This particularly does not contradict a similar study by Ibid Kelly (2003) that sho w the importance of organizational behavior in solving human resource issues. Rebuttal Despite theories that explain the responsibility of organization towards human resource, there are some other theories that explain organizations behavior toward employees. The Harvard model of human resource explains that employees should be competent and cost effective. This implies that trolley collectors demand high pay while their competency is not worth the pay. In addition, the plan by Woolworth of not reversing the employees payment may be due to cost ineffectiveness of the move. Similarly, Dessler, Griffi and Lloyd (2007) explain that it is equally no reason to increase pay for an employee that does not match the magnitude of responsibility. This means that revision of pay for trolley collectors by Woolworth or Cole organizations solemnly depend on the amount of work or the magnitude of work these employees perform. Conclusion In conclusion, human resource is core to every organization and need good structural or strategy to solve related issues. One of the issues that remain a challenge in human resource management is wage discrimination issues among various organizations. There are many theories and models that have been advanced to explain human resource management with respect to wage related issues. Therefore, human resource management models such as institutional theory, organizational behavior, motivation theory, commitment, matching model, contingency and operative model. These theories clearly explain the role played by various concepts in human resource. Reference Bjorkman, I, (ed) (2006), International human resource management research and institutional theory Handbook of Research in International Human Resource Management, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Brewster, C., Sparrow, P. Harris, H. (2005), Towards a new model of globalizing HRM. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(6), p. 966. Dessler, G., Griffi ths, J. Lloyd-Walker, B (2007), Human Resource Management, 3rd edn, Australia, Pearson, p. 567 Ibid, p. 31; Kelly D. (2003), A shock to the system? The impact of HRM on academic IR in Australia in comparison with the USA and UK, 19801995. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 41(2), pp. 14971. Heneman III, H.; Judge, T. A. (2005), Staffing Organizations. USA: McGraw-Hill. Johnason, P. (2009), HRM in changing organizational contexts. In D. G. Collings G. Wood (Eds.), Human resource management: A critical approach (pp. 19-37). London: Routledge Kaufman, B.E. (2008), Managing the Human Factor: The Early Years of Human Resource Management in American Industry. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p.312n28. Kochan, T. (2004), Restoring trust in the human resource management profession. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 42(2), pp. 13246; See also Ellem, B. (2005) Putting work in its place: The making of ideal workers and social contracts. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 43(2), pp. 23851. Lowry, D. (2006), HR managers as ethical decision-makers; Mapping the terrain. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 44(2), pp. 17183. Martin-Alcazar, F., Romero-Fernandez, P. M. Sanchez-Gardey, G. (2005), Strategic human resource management: Integrating universalistic, contingent, configurational and contextual perspectives. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(5), pp. 63359. McShane, S. Travaglione, A. (2007), Organisational behavior on the Pacific rim, 2nd edn, Sydney, McGraw-Hill. Michelson, G. Kramar, R. (2003), The state of HRM in Australia: Progress and prospects. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 41(2) , p. 144. Nankervis, A., Chatterjee, S. Coffey, J. (2007), Perspectives of Human Resource Management in the Asia Pacific, Sydney, Pearson Education Australia. Osland, J.S.; et al. (2007), Organizational behavior: an experiential approach (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp.3536. Paauwe, J Boselie, P. (2003), Challenging 'Strategic HRM' and the Relevance of the Institutional Setting, Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 56-70. Patrickson, M. Hartmann, L. (2001), HRM in Australia Prospects for the twenty-first century. International Journal of Manpower, 22(3), pp. 198204. Radhakrishna, A. Satya, R. (2015), A Study On The Effect Of Human Resource Development On Employment Relations. IUP Journal of Management Research 14.3: 28-42. Business Source Complete. Web. 25 Sept. 2015. Wall, T. D. Parker, S. (2001), Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, ed. International encyclopedia of the social behavioral sciences (Encyclopedia) (2nd. ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. pp.79807983.

Mountains free essay sample

A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism. These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth by over 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers, weather conditions, and glaciers. A few mountains are isolated summits, but most occur in huge mountain ranges. High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level. These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystem of mountains: different elevations have different plants and animals. Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate, mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation, such as mountain climbing. The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia, whose summit is 8,849. 868 m  above mean sea level. We will write a custom essay sample on Mountains or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m . Climate on mountains become colder at high elevations, due to the way that the sun heats the surface of the Earth. [21] The sun warms the ground directly, while the greenhouse effect acts as a blanket, reflecting heat back towards the Earth that would otherwise be lost to space. The greenhouse effect thus keeps the air at low elevations warm. As elevation increases, there is less greenhouse effect, so the ambient temperature goes down. The rate at which the temperature drops with elevation, called the environmental lapse rate, is not constant (it can fluctuate throughout the day or seasonally and also regionally), but a typical lapse rate is 5. 5 °C per 1,000 m (3. 57 °F per 1,000 ft). [23][24] Therefore, moving up 100 meters on a mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometers (45 miles or 0. 75 ° of latitude) towards the nearest pole. [25] This relationship is only approximate, however, since local factors such as proximity to oceans (such as the Arctic Ocean) can drastically modify the climate. As the altitude increases, the main form of precipitation becomes snow and the winds increase.   The effect of the climate on the ecology at an elevation can be largely captured through a combination of amount of precipitation, and the biotemperature, as described by Leslie Holdridge in 1947. [28] Biotemperature is the mean temperature, where all temperatures below 0  °C (32  °F) are considered to be 0  °C. When the temperature is below 0  °C, plants are dormant, so the exact temperature is unimportant. The peaks of mountains with permanent snow can have a biotemperature below

World War I and United State Essay

World War I and United State Essay World War I and United State Essay Prior 1914 when war erupted in 1914, the US had followed neutrality and noninvolvement in European. Was the United state really neutral? By the time, developments in transportation and communication brought United State enter the Great war. There were many different reasons for this. But trading with Europe eventually brought American into World War I. World War I had had led America to biggest change in society. In addition, it led to a shift in U.S. foreign policy away from neutrality to involvement in world affairs. War broke out in Europe in 1914, the United State attempted to remain neutral. Isolationism, it advocated non involvement in European and Asian conflict in interventional politics. The United State was supposed to remain as contented neutral country by holding the tradition of Washington and Jefferson. In his Farewell Address, President Geoge Washington had advocated noninvolvement in European wars and politics. because the United States had just won war for independence. Also, the new country was relatively small and weak. Foreign policy was best made by neutrality. It was successful because the expanse of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans had made it possible to being neutrality and remain from the conflicts. Notwithstanding, during World War I, however president Woodrow Wilson made a case for United State neutral, but it wasn't successful until 1917, the United state was drawn into the war again by the case for U.S Intervention in conflict and United State interested in maintain a p eaceful word. According to document 4, january 22,1917 in the Woodrow Wilson-speech to the United State Senate. " †¦Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where peace of the world is involved and the freedom of its people.." His goal was "make the world safe for the democracy" by " a war to end war" He wanted the American would be impartial and peaceful and by some development had motivate behind Wilson's decision to enter Word War I. Even though American had been out of World War I. We had traded with nation involved in the war. In 1915 Germany used submarines to stop trade between the Allies and the United States. According to the document 3, the U-boat depicted in the cartoon technology of submarine, the Germany U-boat would sink enemy ship in the war zone. In addition,the sinking ship in the cartoon represent the Lusitania was sunk without warning by German U-boat and American citizens were died. Wilson insisted that the America as a neutral nation had the right to trade with nation at war and to send its civilian on ships into war zone. He was defending the principle of freedom of the sea. In 1917, President Woodrow Wilson went to Congress to ask for declare war on

Sentence Definition and Examples in English Grammar

Sentence Definition and Examples in English Grammar A sentence is the largest independent unit of grammar: it begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. The word sentence is from the Latin for to feel. The adjective form of the word is sentential. The sentence is traditionally (and inadequately) defined as a word or group of words that expresses a complete idea and that includes a subject and a verb. Types of Sentence Structures The four basic sentence structures are the: Simple: A  sentence  with only one  independent clause.Compound: Two (or more)  simple sentences  joined by a  conjunction  or an appropriate  mark of punctuation.Complex: A sentence that contains an  independent clause  (or  main clause) and at least one  dependent clause.Compound-complex: A  sentence  with two or more  independent clauses  and at least one  dependent clause. Functional Types of Sentences Declarative: Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.  (Mark Twain)Interrogative:  But what is the difference between literature and journalism? Journalism is unreadable and literature is not read. (Oscar Wilde)Imperative:  Be careful about reading health books. You may die of a misprint. (Mark Twain)Exclamatory:  To die for an idea; it is unquestionably noble. But how much nobler it would be if men died for ideas that were true!  (H. L. Mencken) Definitions and Observations on Sentences I am trying to say it all in one sentence, between one Cap and one period. (William Faulkner in a letter to Malcolm Cowley) The term sentence is widely used to refer to quite different types of unit. Grammatically, it is the highest unit and consists of one independent clause, or two or more related clauses. Orthographically and rhetorically, it is that unit which starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. (Angela Downing, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2006) I have taken as my definition of a sentence any combination of words whatsoever, beyond the simple naming of an object of sense. (Kathleen Carter Moore, The Mental Development of a Child, 1896) [A sentence is a] unit of speech constructed according to language-dependent rules, which is relatively complete and independent in respect to content, grammatical structure, and intonation. (Hadumo Bussmann, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. by Lee Forester et al. Routledge, 1996) A written sentence is a word or group of words that conveys meaning to the listener, can be responded to or is part of a response, and is punctuated. (Andrew S. Rothstein and Evelyn Rothstein, English Grammar Instruction That Works! Corwin Press, 2009) None of the usual definitions of a sentence really says much, but every sentence ought somehow to organize a pattern of thought, even if it does not always reduce that thought to bite-sized pieces. (Richard Lanham, Revising Prose. Scribners, 1979) The sentence has been defined as the largest unit for which there are rules of grammar. (Christian Lehmann, Theoretical Implications of Grammaticalization Phenomena, Published in The Role of Theory in Language Description, ed. by William A. Foley. Mouton de Gruyter, 1993) The Notional Definition of a Sentence Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson give a different take in explaining what a sentence is and does: It is sometimes said that a sentence expresses a complete thought. This is a notional definition: it defines a term by the notion or idea it conveys. The difficulty with this definition lies in fixing what is meant by a complete thought. There are notices, for example, that seem to be complete in themselves but are not generally regarded as sentences: Exit, Danger, 50 mph speed limit...On the other hand, there are sentences that clearly consist of more than one thought. Here is one relatively simple example: This week marks the 300th anniversary of the publication of Sir Isaac Newtons Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, a fundamental work for the whole of modern science and a key influence on the philosophy of the European Enlightenment. How many complete thoughts are there in this sentence? We should at least recognize that the part after the comma introduces two additional points about Newtons book: (1) that it is a fundamental work for the whole of modern science, and (2) that it was a key influence on the philosophy of the European Enlightenment. Yet this example would be acknowledged by all as a single sentence, and it is written as a single sentence. (Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar, 2nd ed. Pearson, 2002) Another Definition of a Sentence D.J. Allerton provides an alternative definition of a sentence: Traditional attempts to define the sentence were generally either psychological or logical-analytic in nature: the former type spoke of a complete thought or some other inaccessible psychological phenomenon; the latter type, following Aristotle, expected to find every sentence made up of a logical subject and logical predicate, units that themselves rely on the sentence for their definition. A more fruitful approach is that of [Otto] Jespersen (1924: 307), who suggests testing the completeness and independence of a sentence, by assessing its potential for standing alone, as a complete utterance. (D. J. Allerton. Essentials of Grammatical Theory. Routledge, 1979) Two-Part Definition of a Sentence Stanley Fish felt that a sentence can only be defined in two parts: A sentence is a structure of logical relationships. In its bare form, this proposition is hardly edifying, which is why I immediately supplement it with a simple exercise. Here, I say, are five words randomly chosen; turn them into a sentence. (The first time I did this the words were coffee, should, book, garbage and quickly.) In no time at all I am presented with 20 sentences, all perfectly coherent and all quite different. Then comes the hard part. What is it, I ask, that you did? What did it take to turn a random list of words into a sentence? A lot of fumbling and stumbling and false starts follow, but finally someone says, I put the words into a relationship with one another....Well, my bottom line can be summarized in two statements: (1) a sentence is an organization of items in the world; and (2) a sentence is a structure of logical relationships. (Stanley Fish, Devoid of Content. The New York Times, May 31, 2005. Also How to Write a Sentence and How to Read One. HarperCollins, 2011) The Lighter Side of Sentences Some authors a humorous view of a sentence: One day the Nouns were clustered in the street.An adjective walked by, with her dark beauty.The Nouns were struck, moved, changed.The next day a Verb drove up, and created the Sentence... (Kenneth Koch, Permanently. Published in The Collected Poems of Kenneth Koch. Borzoi Books, 2005)

Regulatory, Legal, Ethical, and Accreditation Issues in Research Assignment

Regulatory, Legal, Ethical, and Accreditation Issues in Research - Assignment Example not tell what/when/why and how the situation been study came about .It is mainly used in calculating frequencies, mean and other statistical derivations. For the case of homeless people, the point-in-time count falls under this research method, as it will only give the number of homeless people in the streets and not how or why they are there. Analytical statistics on the other hand answers the questions why/how/when a characteristic happened. It shows co-relation between two events whose occurrence affects the other. It entails taking calculated action on the agent affecting the subject been studied. It focuses on coming up with ways to improve the future state of the subject matter (Clark, 2007). For instance in the case of the homeless, analytical research will come how they end up in the streets in the first place. It will also bring about an inter-relationship for instance why some people from certain background are more likely to end in the streets than the rest. Evaluative research on the other hand seeks to study whether measures or programs put in place are efficient in curbing the agent affecting the subject matter. It uncovers the effects of a process or agent on a population. Concerning the homeless, this research method will cover on the necessary programs put in place to ensure the homeless either are completely off the streets or are able to receive necessary

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 20

Management - Essay Example The said structure may be considered as bureaucratic or post-bureaucratic depending upon the performance. Bureaucratic is considered when there is a value for merits, hierarchy and definite separation of responsibilities and roles. On the other hand, a post-bureaucratic organization may have the hierarchy but there is a sense of equality in voicing out opinions and ideas through dialogues. Post-bureaucratic also favors consensus which means the decision would depend upon the majority of votes or prevailing idea (DuBrin, 2012: 263). Despite of the â€Å"majority wins† mentality, hierarchy still exists in post-bureaucratic organizations. Kraft was sort of a centralized rigid organization way back before its acquisition of Cadbury. After one and a half year of acquiring Cadbury, the company decided to split the organization into two namely the snack food business and grocery business (Geller, 2011). In addition, it also made efforts to decentralize its structure by allowing more staffs to participate in decision-making and improving the company as a whole. The decision-making involving the product development and manufacturing would be the ones transferred to the lower levels of the organizational hierarchy. In addition, the structure might look like a matrix because the information technology, human resources and logistics teams would be shared across the organization (Ferrari, 2010). Organizational structure is not the only concern in the paper as the ethical issues are also important in the productivity and performance of a company. It is already an accepted fact that making mistakes is inevitable but can be reduced by careful preparations, best practices and sound decisions. Each mistake can be detrimental to the overall state of the company so the rightness or wrongness of an action or practice is being looked at by the professionals and even by the public. After all, a business depends upon the profit that will be gained from

Text Linguistics Essay Example for Free

Text Linguistics Essay Module I. Classificationally meaningful characteristics of the text as an integral and independent object of investigation. Lecture 6. Conceptual variability of linguistic interpretations of the text essence and status and their reflections in the models of the text descriptions. Problem for discussion Evolution of the text description approaches. Models of the text descriptions. Grounds for the chosen models and schemes of the text descriptions as a scientific object. It has already been mentioned that despite the fact that there are many publications devoted to problems of text linguistics. There does not exist an adequate definition of the text that would find satisfaction with all researchers. The difficulties that arise when trying to work out an universally acceptable definition of the text can be explained by the fact that scholars study the text in its various aspects : grammatical, stylistic, semantic, functional and so on. The text can be studied as a product ( text grammar) or as a process (theory of text). The text-as-a-product approach is focused on the text on the text cohesion, coherence, topical organization, illocutionary structure and communicative functions; the text-as-a-process perspective studies the text production, reception and interpretation. Text can be understood as an instance of (spoken or written) language use ( an act of parole) , a relatively self-contained unit of communication. As a â€Å"communicative occurrence† it meets seven criteria of textuality (the constitutive principles of textual communication): cohesion, coherence, intentioanality, acceptability, informativity, situationality, and intertextuality and three regulative principles of textual communication: efficiency, effectiveness and approapriateness.(cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981, Maljaer 1991) 1. Regular Principles of Textual Communiction. The principle of efficiency requires that a text should be used with a minimum effort hence the use of plain ( stereotyped and unimaginative)  language. Which, however booring and unimpressive, is easy to produce and comprehend. In contrast, effectiveness presumes leaving a strong impression and the creation of favourable conditions for attaining a communicative goal; this presupposes the use of creative ( original, imaginative) language which, however effective, may lead to communicative breakdown. The principle of appropriateness attempts to balance off the two above mentioned principles by seeking an accord between the text setting and standards of textuality. Common text features. Some common text features found in books are Table of Contents, Glossary, Index, Bold Words, Headings and Titles, Maps, Diagrams, Illustrations and Charts. Why is Understanding Text Features an important reading strategy? Text Features help us to identify the big ideas and topics that the author is focusing on. Visual text features such as maps and charts help to support the information the author presents in the text. How do we use text features to help us understand what we are reading? Before reading, preview the kinds of text features throughout the book. Think about what the big ideas the author wants you to remember. Make sure to read captions Functional Classification  The functional classification identifies illocutionary text types according to the type of the dominating illocutionary act (see 10.2): representative or assertive type (e.g. research reports, public notices, administrative texts, weather forecasts, diaries, CVs, lectures), directive type (e.g. commands, orders, invitations, instructions, directions, giving advice), expressive type (e.g. apologies, thank-you notes, greeting, condolences, compliments, toasts, congratulations), commissive type ( e.g. promises , pledges, swears, offers, vows, contracts, bets), declarative or performative type (e.g. , nominations, appointments, dismissals, accussations: I find you guilty as charged, marriage ceremonies, testaments, certificates). Texts viewed from this perspective satisfy diverse communicative needs of the society members. Situational Classification  The situational classification sorts out texts according to the sphere of activity (e.g., private, official or public, such as a private letter, a  letter addressed to an institution) and form of communication (dialogical and monological, spoken and written texts). Strategic Classification  The strategic classification deals primarily with the topic and the ways of its expansion 9 the term slohove postupy is used in Slovak stylistics to denote macrocompositional principles, cf. Mistrik 1997): narrative, descriptive, and argumentative.