The Facebook Addiction Essay - 939 Words

TheFacebook Addiction Poke. Poke back. Poke. Poke back. Welcome to the world of TheFacebook, the online community where flirting with that cute person that sits next to you in class is only one click away. TheFacebook is an online directory that connects people through social networks at colleges and universities. Since being founded, in February 2004 at Harvard University, TheFacebook has expanded to many universities across the United States. In November 2004, the numbers of registered users exceeded one million. For example, the University of Florida currently has about half the student body registered, while a university comparable in size, such as the University of South Florida, has registered about a quarter of its student†¦show more content†¦Ã‚• Socializing - informal connection places. • Planning and organizing (community groups, scout groups, sports teams) • Teambuilding - strengthening group relationships. • Relationship building - finding interesting people and getting to know them. • Work spaces for group meetings, interactions etc. • Learning spaces (all online or in combination with face-to-face learning, group or individual) • Information sharing- a place to share files and ideas. • Game playing - just having fun So how does TheFacebook work? You log on to the website and create an account through your college. Then you are able to upload information about yourself, such as your contact numbers, interests, clubs, favorites movies and books, etc. From there, you can search other members profiles based on similar interests, such as what school you are going to, the high school you attended, or what courses you are currently taking. Users can update their profiles often in order to let their online friends know what they are up to. The most predominant feature is the social network you can develop. Like social networking websites, TheFacebook allows users to search for people and select them as friends. It offers an interesting advantage over other friendship websites in that it allows members to browse through students taking the same classes, living in the same buildings, or coming from the same high schools. The Facebook even allows you to view your social network.Show MoreRelatedFacebook Addiction2823 Words   |  12 PagesAsian Social Science; Vol. 10, No. 6; 2014 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Addictive Facebook Use among University Students Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh1, Bahaman Abu Samah1, Siti Zobidah Omar1, Jusang Bolong1 Nurul Akhtar Kamarudin1 1 Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Correspondence: Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh, Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra MalaysiaRead MoreFacebook Addiction1694 Words   |  7 PagesFacebook Addiction The newest social networking site, Facebook has opened up an exciting online world that has enabled millions of people around the world to connect with each other. Facebook provides its members a way to make new friends, keep in touch with current friends, and find old friends and family anywhere in the world without ever having to leave their home. Since its introduction to the public in 2005 Facebook has experienced phenomenal growth and has become the world’s most popularRead MoreEssay on Facebook Addiction975 Words   |  4 PagesFACEBOOK ADDICTION Facebook has come to be probably the most commonly used social networking site, nearly half of Facebooks users view their profiles  Ã‚   every day. Some of the   users spend an unreasonable amount of their time on Facebook, whiling   the hours away unnoticed, while chores to go unfinished, and even going to the extent of ignoring family and friends in the real world. Although a majority of the hundreds of millions of people use Facebook as a social networkingRead MoreEssay on Facebook Addiction964 Words   |  4 PagesFACEBOOK ADDICTION Facebook has come to be probably the most commonly used social networking site, nearly half of Facebooks users view their profiles  Ã‚   every day. Some of the   users spend an unreasonable amount of their time on Facebook, whiling   the hours away unnoticed, while chores to go unfinished, and even going to the extent of ignoring family and friends in the real world. Although a majority of the hundreds of millions of people use Facebook as a social networkingRead MoreFacebook Addiction Study6315 Words   |  26 PagesPhilippines in terms of social networking but as we go to the trend, Filipinos have moved on to Facebook, which is currently the biggest and the most popular among social networking sites (Abaà ±o, 2010). It is said that Facebook had become a part of our life. Facebook provides features which gives benefits to its users. However, as we are getting hooked to Facebook, becoming a Facebook addict is inevitable.  ³Facebook is just so addictive, it ¶s better to get logged on than to finish my project in the morning ´Read MoreFacebook : The Positive And Negative Effects Of Facebook Addiction1309 Words   |  6 PagesFacebook Addiction Have you ever imagined your life without Facebook? These days Facebook has become an essential part of our life. Facebook usage involves both the simple use of the site and the level of cognitive engagement with the site. Its use means the existence of individual users on the social website, frequent visits, time committed to this site, and the kind of activities undertaken. People of different ages interact and exchange information; they share picture and videos, discuss issuesRead MoreFacebook s Development Of An Addiction990 Words   |  4 PagesFacebook provides a place for people to hide, a place for people to anonymously bully, and a place for people to create themselves to look perfect in their eyes and to only show the profile they want everyone else to see. The power Facebook provides in this way is another leading cause for the development of an addiction. Most online users alter their profiles to make their lives appealing to their friends and family. It is noticed that t eenagers do this a lot, but they are not as successful in foolingRead MoreFacebook and Social Media Addiction938 Words   |  4 Pages Feeling anxious, Sarah asked for her phone back so she could look at her Facebook notification. Her mom said no but she just kept on begging and begging for it back until her mom noticed†¦ Sarah was crying over an electronic device. At that point she understood that her daughter was falling into the deep, dark hole of social media addiction. Why are social sites like a drug to some people? Is it normal to use the Internet a lot? What really makes a person addicted to a social media site? To answerRead MoreEffects Of Facebook Addiction And Mood1387 Words   |  6 Pagesfriends an individual has on Facebook causes positive mood. Despite criticism from Croom et al (2016), the research highlights a factor of Facebook which could have a huge impact on positive mood, and as a result of not being incorporated within this study could be argued as a factor to why there was not relationship between Facebook usage and mood. 4.2.3 Facebook Usage and Negative Mood The research conducted by Uysal (2013) investigated the effects of Facebook addiction and mood, in 297 participantsRead MoreSocial Networking Addiction1159 Words   |  5 Pagesexplosion of social networks such as Myspace and Facebook, which added a new social dimension to the web. While such networks have made people, communities and groups with shared interests stay more â€Å"connected,† Internet addiction and social network addiction in particular also started being recognized as psychological disorders all over the world. While several 90†²s studies focused on Internet addiction, the next decade saw the growth of a new addiction related to all manner of social networking sites

Gender Roles Are Defined By The Roles Or Behaviours Learned

Gender roles are defined by the roles or behaviours learned by a person as appropriate to their gender, determined by the prevailing cultural norms. Gender roles are based on norms or standards, created by society. In American culture masculine roles have traditionally been linked with strength, aggression, and dominance, while feminine roles have traditionally been associated with passivity, nurturing, and being submissive. Gender socialization starts and occurs throughout the four major agents of socialization of peer groups, family, mass media, and education. Throughout this repeated socialization over time leads men and women into a false sense that they are acting naturally rather than following a socially constructed role created by†¦show more content†¦That throughout the ages one main discussions about gender roles in the United States has been the historical evolution from a single-income family, or a family unit in which one spouse typically the father is responsi ble for the family income to to a dual-income family, or a family unit in which both spouses generate income.That before the rise of feminism in the 1960s and 1970s and the influx of women into the workforce in the 1980s, women were largely responsible for dealing with home matters while men worked and earned income outside the home. Which was a radical change since women would be primarily focused on housekeeping, childcare, and children s education while the men’s participation in domestic activity would be only partially desired and socially acceptable.With the popularization of social constructionist theories of gender roles, it is paramount that one recognize that all assertions about gender roles are culturally and historically contingent.Which means that what might be true of gender roles in the United States for one cultural group likely is not true for another cultural group. The roles played by the members of each gender in American society reflects a burgeoning problem about the lack of equality between the sexes. Women in America usually still fulfill the role of â€Å"homemaker.† Woman are still regarded as the caretaker ofShow MoreRelatedSocial Constructionism And Biological Determinism1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe ideology that gender is socially constructed is a view that has been present in a number of philosophical, sociological and psychological theories. This view shares an understanding that gender is a product of enculturation through a prescribed ideal, as well as determines what is considered socially appropriate behaviour for a person of a specific gender. Society is shaped globally through social order. Each culture and society share a social order that is defined as a particular set of customsRead MoreGender Roles And Attitudes Of A Teacher s Practice1189 Words   |  5 PagesThe present essay attempts to demonstrate the stereot ypes around gender and and it’s relation to a teacher’s practice. In order for this objective to be met, the theory of gender will be introduced, followed by the stereotypes regarding the gender ‘’roles’’. Moreover the role of culture in the creation of gender roles and how popular culture-media carry stereotypes on children will be presented. This aims to show how a teacher can combat or prevent those stereotypes through her thoughtful, carefulRead MoreEssay about Socialization and the Learning of Gender Roles886 Words   |  4 Pages[Macionis et al. p 55] The concept of socialization is that our actions are driven/learned by culture. Socialization is also the foundation of personality, which we build by internalizing our surroundings. Through the lifelong process of socialization, society transmits culture from one generation to the next. A good example of socialization is the learning of gender roles. Anthropologist Margaret Mead reasoned that if gender reflects biological facts of sex, that people everywhere in the world would defineRead MoreFantomina: the Manipulator of Situations1503 Words   |  7 Pagesin France. Haywood’s Fantomina represents an important moment in the evolution of gender constructions in the eighteenth century.This research essay is from short story Fantomina.Eliza Haywood Fantomina perceives that gender categories can easily be changed by showing that nothing is ever fixed.You have the power to manipulate any situation you are faced with. There are many instances where the reversal of gender categories is highlited. On page 1458,Haywood says ‘She was young,a stranger to theRead MoreEntrepreneurial Education And Entrepreneurship Education1511 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough it is a given that many research findings demonstrate an overall agreement on entrepreneurial education and that entrepreneurship can be learned and taught to a certain extent, agreements around the entrepreneurship education curriculum such as teaching methods, appropriateness of concepts and educational course content, are not quite in unison amongst scholars (Robinson and Hayenes 1991; Kuratko 2005; Pittaway and Cope 2007; Lià ±Ãƒ ¡n et al 2011). Therefore it can be assumed that entrepreneurialRead MoreSexual Identity And Gender Expression1399 Words   |  6 PagesTo conceptualise sexual identity and gender expression, Judith Butler (1990) proposes a poststructuralist perspective; that gendered behaviour (masculinity and femininity) is le arned, a performative act, and that gender is constructed through a ‘heterosexual matrix’. She describes this as [A] hegemonic/epistemic model of gender intelligibility that assumes that for bodies to cohere and make sense there must be a stable sex expressed through a stable gender (masculine expresses discursive male, feminineRead MoreEssay about Sociological Analysis of Sexual Assault1554 Words   |  7 Pagesmay also bring a private action called a civil suit, suing the person who assaulted her or him for money damages.This cause of action is distinguishable from a criminal action, which is defined by a different body of law, has a different burden of proof, and has different results. The civil suit is generally defined by court cases, rather than by treatment of law, as is criminal justice. The macro-diachronic approach is a modern theoretical model of crime and deviance, which specifically attemptsRead MoreCulture, Culture And Culture Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesCulture, in Sociology, is a concept developed during XVIII and XIX centuries that has had various definitions. One exhaustive definition is in Browne (2015, p. 31): â€Å"Culture refers to the language, beliefs, values and norms, customs, dress, diet, roles, knowledge and skills, and all the other things that people learn that make up the ‘way of life’ of any society† So when we use the expression ‘Italian culture’ we know that we are talking about the entire set of believes, knowledge and the whole wayRead MoreThe Evidence that Socialisation Plays a Major Part in Shaping Human Behaviour869 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evidence that Socialisation Plays a Major Part in Shaping Human Behaviour Socialisation is the lifelong process by which human behaviour is shaped through experience in social institutions (e.g. family, which is a crucial factor in primary socialisation). Through socialization, individuals learn the values, norms (formal and informal rules), and beliefs of a given society. In considering the nature of the self, it is necessary to include a still more fundamentalRead MoreSexual Identity And Gender Roles Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesand intensity of how the sexes, gender, gender roles and gender stereotypes are differentiated. Before we get to understand how they are differentiated, it s good to first understand the meaning of each term. Sex is the biological and physiological differences between men and women, sex roles are the behaviours and patterns of activities that the men and women may engage in which are directly related to their biological differences while gender are the behaviours or patterns of activities that the

Human Resource Management for Woolworths and Coles- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management for Woolworths and Coles. Answer: Introduction Human resource management is considered the key determinant of organization performance. Clear outlined human resource management structure normally reduces management challenges. The HR wage issue has become a problem in Australia though organizations are required to comply with HR policies that indicate the need for equal pay for employees. In studying human resource and important issues that affect the most organization in Australia and globally remains wage disparities. In identifying this challenge two organizations were studied and these are Woolworths and Coles. Employees tasked with trolley collection in these two organizations had poor payment issues leading to wage discriminations. Upon pressure from institutions such as Fair Work Ombudsman, Coles reviewed its wage policies while Woolworth maintained payment policies for trolley collectors. Woolworths being an employer of more than 200, 000 employees, has recently come into the spotlight for two human resource issues. These human resource issues are poor payment of trolley collectors and subsequently discrimination of these employees. The human resource remains one of the most important aspects of the organization and should be treated with the most care. Theories of human resource also indicate that HR is an important department of an organization. There are many theories and literature that have been advanced to give a deeper understanding of human resource especially solving certain human resource challenges. The following literature review explores various human resource theories that give a clear understanding of HR wage disparities issue. Theories and concepts of human resources According to the theory of Ability, Motivation Opportunity (AMO), for the organizations to solve problems of poor performance there is need to motivate employees. According to Brewster, Sparrow, and Harris (2005), one way to motivate employees is to remunerate them is according to their role or standard. Poor pay is an issue that requires high attention as it determines the performance of the employees. A similar theory of performance also indicates that a motivated employee will work better than a less motivated employee. Moreover, the organization policies, especially on compensation of employees, play a critical role in the motivation of employees. This implies that an organization that has low payment policies is most likely to face similar issues as Woolworths. In addition, setting organization policies that aim at the motivation of employees should comply with the set standards for such employees. According to Lowry (2006), ethics also play role in compensation of employees as ethical standard prevent any discrimination of employee in terms of wages. A case study conducted by Michelson and Kramar (2003), shows that a motivated employee normally feels encouraged and hence their performance increase. However, Bjorkman (2006) contradicts the theory of motivation indicating that employees will be motivated by pay for a short period of time and thereafter their performance either reduce or remain constant. Wall Parker (2001) summarise the theory of motivation indicating that even if the employee is shortly motivated, their performance cannot reduce to the same level as initial before motivation. HR operative model is another theory of human resource that explores the flexibility of the organization operates. According to Radhakrishna Satya (2015), a flexible operation allows adjustment when there are challenges affecting the human resource. It worth noting that one of the key challenges that Woolworth is facing is operation inflexibility as the organization is unable to review compensation policies for trolley collectors. Similarly, Kaufman (2008) also explains that a more flexible organization in terms of how it handles HR issues determines the organizations ability to solve problems of discrimination. Another theory, McShane and Travaglione (2007), explains that ethical standards require human resource department to review the compensation rates for wages of employees periodically to accommodate the financial or economic situation within the country. This lay foundation for the flexibility that is needed for organizations operation and management with capabilities to adju st payment periodically. According to the theory of contingency, the compensation of employees also rests on the organizational environment and circumstance. This theory, therefore, shows that at times the working environment within an organization dictates pay rise for employees. Furthermore, the larger the size should reflect on the pay of employee since large organization such as Woolworth attracts high customers. Therefore, at high customer number, there should be increase compensation to reflect on the magnitude of work. According to Patrickson Hartmann (2001), the working environment for employees needs to use in developing HRM policies and practice as this determines the wages. Moreover, collecting trolleys during high customer seasons becomes high demanding as compared to other times. These factors need to be considered in compensating employees to increase their performance. There are also pressures from various institutions that are the task to regulate the HR. The Institutional theory explains the relationship between the human resource and other organizations such as Fair Work Ombudsman. The Human Resource Director, Australia, is an example of institutions that normally pile pressure on organizations to tackle pay and discrimination issues. As explained by Bjorkman (2006), human resource management is an important issue that cannot be left to operate on its own without pressure from outside the organization. The Constitution, on the other hand, highlights the relationship between various external organizations that regulate the behaviour of the organization towards employees. This institution theory is also supported by Paauwe and Boselie (2003) when explaining the need for an organization to act according to standards required. In contrast, Osland, et al. (2007) explains that various institutions will always push for employee wage increment despite t heir performance in an organization. Nankervis, Chatterjee and Coffey (2007), on the other hand, shows that the legitimacy of institutions lay in their ability to protect the right of employees and therefore there is need to increase their pressure on the organization. The matching model of human resource management also takes the HR to another level where HR system needs to match organization structure. This means that the organizations strategy should assist in managing the employees since there is congruency between the two. According to Michelson and Kramar (2003), larger organizations such as Woolworth and Cole have a humanitarian strategy that aims at bettering the lives of people around it. This should also reflect on the management of employees and therefore limited discrimination. Similarly, Kochan (2004) advocate for implementation of strategies that are similar to human resource management. Streamlining human resource management according to the organizational strategy helps the organization to perform better. This according to McShane and Ravaglione (2007), indicates that performance of the organization solemnly rests on employees. Forborn Tichy and Devanna model of human resource management explain the interrelationship in HRM activities. According to Martin, Romero and Sanchez-Gardey (2005), HRM activities that form cycle include selection, development, appraisals and rewards. All these activities are linked to form the basis of performance. As explained by Kaufman (2008), appraisal and rewards being a vital aspect of HR plays an important role and should be continuously reviewed. The model is based on the role played by human resource management cycle through minimally considered determinant of performance of the organization. This does not contradict similar observation made by Johnason (2009) when commenting on the human resource management cycle. The Michigan model also explains the relationship between selection, development, reward and appraisal as the determinants of performance of an organization. According to this model, these aspects of human resource cycle should be clearly monitored to avoid issue s as witnessed in Woolworth Limited. Organizational behavior theories also explain the relationship between human resource management and organizational behavior. For instance, the organizational mechanism theory explains the interrelationship between various employees and the organizational culture or structure. As Heneman and Judge (2005), explains organizational culture, for instance, come into play with standards set by government regulating the body. This means that the strategy laid down by the organization in paying for employees should work in hand with government policy guiding human resource management. Similarly, Brewster, Sparrow and Harris, (2005), indicate that organization human resource structure outlined in organizational chart normally complies with government policy pertaining labor policies. In addition, as organization designs its human resource strategy government standards and organizational culture are interplay. This particularly does not contradict a similar study by Ibid Kelly (2003) that sho w the importance of organizational behavior in solving human resource issues. Rebuttal Despite theories that explain the responsibility of organization towards human resource, there are some other theories that explain organizations behavior toward employees. The Harvard model of human resource explains that employees should be competent and cost effective. This implies that trolley collectors demand high pay while their competency is not worth the pay. In addition, the plan by Woolworth of not reversing the employees payment may be due to cost ineffectiveness of the move. Similarly, Dessler, Griffi and Lloyd (2007) explain that it is equally no reason to increase pay for an employee that does not match the magnitude of responsibility. This means that revision of pay for trolley collectors by Woolworth or Cole organizations solemnly depend on the amount of work or the magnitude of work these employees perform. Conclusion In conclusion, human resource is core to every organization and need good structural or strategy to solve related issues. One of the issues that remain a challenge in human resource management is wage discrimination issues among various organizations. There are many theories and models that have been advanced to explain human resource management with respect to wage related issues. Therefore, human resource management models such as institutional theory, organizational behavior, motivation theory, commitment, matching model, contingency and operative model. These theories clearly explain the role played by various concepts in human resource. Reference Bjorkman, I, (ed) (2006), International human resource management research and institutional theory Handbook of Research in International Human Resource Management, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Brewster, C., Sparrow, P. Harris, H. (2005), Towards a new model of globalizing HRM. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(6), p. 966. Dessler, G., Griffi ths, J. Lloyd-Walker, B (2007), Human Resource Management, 3rd edn, Australia, Pearson, p. 567 Ibid, p. 31; Kelly D. (2003), A shock to the system? The impact of HRM on academic IR in Australia in comparison with the USA and UK, 19801995. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 41(2), pp. 14971. Heneman III, H.; Judge, T. A. (2005), Staffing Organizations. USA: McGraw-Hill. Johnason, P. (2009), HRM in changing organizational contexts. In D. G. Collings G. Wood (Eds.), Human resource management: A critical approach (pp. 19-37). London: Routledge Kaufman, B.E. (2008), Managing the Human Factor: The Early Years of Human Resource Management in American Industry. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p.312n28. Kochan, T. (2004), Restoring trust in the human resource management profession. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 42(2), pp. 13246; See also Ellem, B. (2005) Putting work in its place: The making of ideal workers and social contracts. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 43(2), pp. 23851. Lowry, D. (2006), HR managers as ethical decision-makers; Mapping the terrain. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 44(2), pp. 17183. Martin-Alcazar, F., Romero-Fernandez, P. M. Sanchez-Gardey, G. (2005), Strategic human resource management: Integrating universalistic, contingent, configurational and contextual perspectives. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(5), pp. 63359. McShane, S. Travaglione, A. (2007), Organisational behavior on the Pacific rim, 2nd edn, Sydney, McGraw-Hill. Michelson, G. Kramar, R. (2003), The state of HRM in Australia: Progress and prospects. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 41(2) , p. 144. Nankervis, A., Chatterjee, S. Coffey, J. (2007), Perspectives of Human Resource Management in the Asia Pacific, Sydney, Pearson Education Australia. Osland, J.S.; et al. (2007), Organizational behavior: an experiential approach (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp.3536. Paauwe, J Boselie, P. (2003), Challenging 'Strategic HRM' and the Relevance of the Institutional Setting, Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 56-70. Patrickson, M. Hartmann, L. (2001), HRM in Australia Prospects for the twenty-first century. International Journal of Manpower, 22(3), pp. 198204. Radhakrishna, A. Satya, R. (2015), A Study On The Effect Of Human Resource Development On Employment Relations. IUP Journal of Management Research 14.3: 28-42. Business Source Complete. Web. 25 Sept. 2015. Wall, T. D. Parker, S. (2001), Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, ed. International encyclopedia of the social behavioral sciences (Encyclopedia) (2nd. ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. pp.79807983.

Mountains free essay sample

A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism. These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth by over 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers, weather conditions, and glaciers. A few mountains are isolated summits, but most occur in huge mountain ranges. High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level. These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystem of mountains: different elevations have different plants and animals. Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate, mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation, such as mountain climbing. The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia, whose summit is 8,849. 868 m  above mean sea level. We will write a custom essay sample on Mountains or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m . Climate on mountains become colder at high elevations, due to the way that the sun heats the surface of the Earth. [21] The sun warms the ground directly, while the greenhouse effect acts as a blanket, reflecting heat back towards the Earth that would otherwise be lost to space. The greenhouse effect thus keeps the air at low elevations warm. As elevation increases, there is less greenhouse effect, so the ambient temperature goes down. The rate at which the temperature drops with elevation, called the environmental lapse rate, is not constant (it can fluctuate throughout the day or seasonally and also regionally), but a typical lapse rate is 5. 5 °C per 1,000 m (3. 57 °F per 1,000 ft). [23][24] Therefore, moving up 100 meters on a mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometers (45 miles or 0. 75 ° of latitude) towards the nearest pole. [25] This relationship is only approximate, however, since local factors such as proximity to oceans (such as the Arctic Ocean) can drastically modify the climate. As the altitude increases, the main form of precipitation becomes snow and the winds increase.   The effect of the climate on the ecology at an elevation can be largely captured through a combination of amount of precipitation, and the biotemperature, as described by Leslie Holdridge in 1947. [28] Biotemperature is the mean temperature, where all temperatures below 0  °C (32  °F) are considered to be 0  °C. When the temperature is below 0  °C, plants are dormant, so the exact temperature is unimportant. The peaks of mountains with permanent snow can have a biotemperature below